Freshwater Sunfishes
Many different species of sunfish are found in Florida's inland waters such as bluegill, redear sunfish (shellcracker), redbreast sunfish, spotted sunfish (stumpknocker), and warmouth. This section is devoted to the research of these species.
Species Profile
This study evaluated the success of gravel beds to attract sunfish for anglers at the Eustis Lake Walk
The Eustis Lake Walk pier (ELW) is located on the east shore of Lake Eustis in Eustis, Florida (Lake County). The pier is popular with black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) anglers during the winter but receives little angling pressure during the late spring and summer. In an attempt to boost angling pressure for the under-utilized sunfish (Lepomis sp.) population, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) designed a study to evaluate the use of gravel for attracting sunfish and improving anglers' catch and participation.
Various concepts of using gravel for attracting sunfish were tested for a year beginning in the spring of 2004. In November 2004, gravel was placed along the ELW pier in twenty frames. Each frame was 3.05 x 3.65 meters and constructed of 5 x 15 centimeter pressure treated wood. Ten frames were placed on the north end of the ELW and the other ten were placed along the south end. Lime rock (No. 57) and quartz river gravel (No. 7) were each placed in ten randomly assigned frames. There were five frames at each location, and the depth of the gravel averaged 10 cm in each frame.
Timed electrofishing samples were collected around the ELW during May and June 2004, prior to the gravel installation, and again for the same time period the following year after the installation. Sample sites were divided into two categories: areas designated for gravel installation which were located on opposite ends of the pier, and control sites in areas that were to remain natural. Each site was sampled and all sunfish were collected, measured for total length, and released unharmed.
Electrofishing samples along the ELW indicated the gravel attractors were effective in concentrating sport fish. Catch rates of sunfish increased significantly from 2004 prior to the installation of the attractors (23.9 fish an hour) to 2005 following installation (501.1 fish an hour). The catch rates following installation were also higher than those observed in the control sites after the attractors were installed. Bluegill dominated the sunfish catch from the attractor sites in both years. Remarkably, in 2005, the year following the establishment of the gravel beds, 96 percent of the sunfish caught were bluegill.
In addition to electrofishing sampling, hook-and-line samples and angler interview data were collected. A stratified, roving creel, also called an angler survey, was conducted on the ELW during the months of May and June in both 2004 and 2005 to assess changes in angler catch. Twenty-one days each month were randomly selected to perform total angler counts during a randomly selected hour interval each day. Interviews were conducted to obtain catch and effort information. These surveys indicated that the amount of hours, or effort, anglers fished for sunfish increased by 253 percent from 2004 to 2005. Angler catch rates for sunfish on ELW also drastically increased from 0.54 fish an hour in 2004 to 2.56 fish an hour in 2005.
Weekly sunfish hook-and-line samples were collected by FWC staff from April 28 to June 24, 2005, to determine if angler catch rates differed between the two gravel types. Each angler was assigned three randomly-selected attractor sites of each gravel type and given 15 minutes of angling time per site. However, statistical tests indicated that there was no significant difference in the number of sunfish caught from the two types of gravel.
In short, the installation of gravel beds on ELW was successful in attracting sunfish species. Angler participation and catch of sunfish drastically increased in gravel areas, but there was no significant difference in the number of sunfish caught from the two types of gravel. Therefore, the less expensive No. 57 lime rock is recommended for use around public docks, boat ramps, and seawalls to improve sunfish catch for anglers.
After presenting these results to a regional meeting of fishery scientists, at least four other states are now investigating the use of gravel for attracting sunfish.
This study assessed the effects of a gizzard shad removal project on redear sunfish populations in the Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes
In 1993, the St. John's Water Management District (SJWMD) began a commercial shad gill netting program on Lake Apopka, which was monitored by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). The SJWMD claimed that gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) resuspend phosphorus from the lake bottom into the water column. Resuspended phosphorus occurs when shad eat and disrupt the bottom, which causes the sediment and the phosphorus particles to suspend into the water column after they had previously settled. The resuspended phosphorus is then used by planktonic algae, resulting in excessive algal blooms.
The program later expanded to Lake Griffin near Fruitland Park in February 2002. During the winter of 2003-2004, approximately 20,000 redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) eight-inches or larger in length were caught in gill nets deployed for harvesting gizzard shad. Therefore, a study began in May 2004 to learn if commercial gill net harvest of gizzard shad could impact redear sunfish populations on the Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes (Lake County, Florida). Although the Lake Griffin redear sunfish population was not examined prior to gill-net operations, current studies would determine redear sunfish population parameters following three years of gill netting. Gill-net use is scheduled to be suspended on Lake Griffin for the next several years. After the suspension of gill-net use, biologists will then analyze changes, if any, to the redear sunfish population.
Before biologists can attempt to assess impacts on redear sunfish, some preliminary data must be collected to learn more about the fish population. Basic characteristics of interest are abundance (index of how many fish are in the lake), growth (how fast the fish are growing), and condition (how heavy they are for their size).
Electrofishing is a method often used to obtain this information. This practice allows fish to be collected, measured, and released unharmed. Redear sunfish were collected from Lake Griffin between May 18 and July 1, 2004 by using a standard electrofishing technique drafted by the FWC. All redear sunfish were measured and weighed. A subsample was then collected to determine age and gender.
Electrofishing catch rates for Lake Griffin were low, as 36.3 hours of sampling were needed to collect 471 redear sunfish. Redear catch rates, which measure the number of fish collected per hour of sampling, were 13 fish an hour for all fish and eight fish an hour for fish at least six-inches in length. These values were low compared to a recent University of Florida study of 60 lakes in Florida, which reported an average catch rate of 49 fish an hour. In a FWC statewide database of 35 lakes, the average catch rate was 56 fish an hour. Therefore, the Lake Griffin redear population in the spring of 2004 was estimated to have relatively low abundance compared to other systems in the state.
To assess the condition of fish in a population, we use a measure called relative weight (Wr). Relative weight is the ratio between the weight of a fish and a standard weight obtained from many other populations. It is presented as a percentage, and the higher the value, the better the fish's condition relative to other populations. The average Wr for Lake Griffin redear sunfish was 107 percent, which is average for similar systems in the FWC database but slightly higher than the state mean of 92 percent. The Wr values were particularly high for Lake Griffin redear sunfish that were larger than six-inches in length, which indicates an abundant food supply for adult sunfish. However, relatively lower values were found for smaller individuals, which may indicate that there is a food shortage problem for smaller fish.
Age and length information was used to calculate total annual mortality (A), which is the combined number of fish lost annually to fishing mortality (harvesting of fish) and/or natural mortality (weather, disease, predators). Total annual mortality for redear sunfish in Lake Griffin was 60 percent as compared to the statewide average of 47 percent. The slightly higher than average total annual mortality rate for the Lake Griffin redear sunfish population may be the result of a variety of factors, including increased fishing mortality (commercial and recreational) of older fish and the lack of fish older than four-years in the electrofishing sample.
We also examined the growth of individuals in the population. Redear sunfish grew rapidly at Lake Griffin, particularly for fish at least two-years old. The mean size for fish ages 2- to 5- years old was substantially higher than those of the FWC statewide redear sunfish database and previous samples collected in 1997 from Lake Griffin. Unlike 1997 when first-year growth was found to be limited, recent data indicated the most growth generally occurred during the fish's first year.
From the information we have gathered, we have determined that there is a low abundance of redear sunfish in Lake Griffin, but the growth and condition of these fish were generally good, particularly for adult fish. Low condition values for smaller individuals may indicate that there is a problem in the amount of prey available for these fish.
Similar data were collected from other lakes in the Ocklawaha Chain of Lakes, including Lakes Dora, Beauclair, and Eustis. Additional sampling is scheduled for May 2007. Lakes Dora and Beauclair were opened in March 2005 to commercial harvest of gizzard shad, and Lake Eustis will serve as a control (no harvest) lake. This information will allow biologists to examine redear population dynamics prior to gill net fishing and help biologists determine if and how the gill-net fishery for gizzard shad is impacting the redear population in these lakes.